Blueprints Business Planning Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Blueprints Business Planning Australia? Answer: Presentation The essential point of this report is to look at two field-tested strategies of independent ventures situated in Australia, one is Blueprints Business Planning Pty Ltd and the other is Sams Fast food Truck Pty Ltd. Both are little and medium undertaking, that focus on a part in Sydney and different areas around the city(Crumpton, 2012). While Blueprints Planning Pty Ltd targets Sydney alongside other connecting territories from New South Wales, Australia, the different business is restricted to Sydney alone. Both are ownership based organizations that have their proprietors as business full time utilized. The extent of this report examinations showcasing, tasks and fund exercises for both the organizations to such an extent that a suitable correlation can without much of a stretch be accomplished. Crucial Blueprints Business Planning Pty Ltd is to give business arranging help to little and medium scale e organizations. The Company will expect to give fluctuated scope of advices to little scope associations. Crucial Sams Fast food Truck is to give lip-smacking snacks close to office territories of Sydney during their break hours. The Company will give assortment kinds of burgers, sandwiches, milk shakes, fries and different snacks at cost reasonable rates, to such an extent that shoppers make rehashed buy at the food truck. The previous business worker is Jessie Jones alongside four others, the different business utilizes Scarlet Tassel alongside two different representatives. Prior, Jessie Jones had been filling in as an administration specialist and has great a dependable balance on furnishing customers with well-outfitted marketable strategies alongside plausibility investigation. Red Tassel, has past work involvement in different eateries and cheap food slow down, consequently now she intends to expand such ability in making a business and licensing her very own few manifestations. The previous business plans to produce an income of A$100,000 and make incomes worth A$2000, while the different business means to create a yearly income of A$50,000 with benefits adding up to A$1500 in the main year alone. At the point when activities of both the business will be begun then there will be one worker overseeing executive who will deal with all functionalities from home for the previous business. While for the later business, the proprietor cum overseeing executive has just painted his truck and organized it to frame a food truck. The previous business will be altogether self-supported and chief plans to give the fundamental capital as an underlying speculation worth A$10,000. For the food-truck business the chief has just endorsed a bank credit worth A$12,000 for buying fundamental gear for building up the business. Along these lines, the accompanying brief correlations for the business will permit grater bits of knowledge into them. Business objective of the previous business is to utilize a full-time worker with a compensation of A$42,000 yearly. This is a transient objective, though its drawn out objective is to produce a net benefit of A$2000 and set up a counseling firm at Sydney utilizing at least five individuals. For the later business, transient business objective involves setting up the food truck in an appealing office area at Sydney and reimburse the business advance inside one year of activities. While, for long haul the overseeing executive intends to open a little café in Sydney suburb area and beginning with home conveyance frameworks. Before building any kind of strategy it gets pivotal to gather data and information from significant sources(Allen, 2015). For reason for building both the field-tested strategies optional sources just as essential sources were utilized as from Australian Bureau of Statistics, NSW Small Business Advisory Network. Information from essential sources were accumulated by methods for interviews with business ventures in and around Sydney. There were additionally reference drawn from business diaries and magazines just as papers. Outer Industry Analysis Market investigation of Sydney uncovers that there is a prerequisite for the executives and counseling administrations for taking into account little and medium scale organizations. In spite of the fact that the market is serious with various entrenched organizations yet there stays colossal extension un-investigated for little and medium scale enterprises(Holmes, 2016). For food-truck business, there are an enormous number of eatery, providing food administrations and office containers at Sydney. Thus, the market space is incredibly serious for building up a business in food business, yet on the off chance that the proprietor can make a one of a kind flavor, at that point he may have the option to pull in a sizable number of normal clients. Christmas season during December and January makes it an occasional business consistently, aside from these two months. Subsequently the proprietor can devise and make planning for business of making phenomenal administration arrangements during this time. Food business is a lasting through the year business and benefits rise significantly during special seasons. Particularly during December and January, deals from the food tcuk is relied upon to shoot up. There are various overseeing and counseling organizations in and around Sydney however they by and large oblige enormous scope organizations. There are countless rivals in the food business, which contains office bottles, eateries, food-trucks, etc. The administration consultancy can look for key unions from different bookkeeping firms and information assortment offices. The inexpensive food truck should look for vital collusions from providers of crude materials, as meat, bread, etc. Interior Analysis of Company SWOT examination is an exhaustive quality, shortcoming, opportunity and danger investigation. Quality of the executives consultancy is that proprietor has colossal information and thoughts in regards to the business. Shortcoming is low accessibility of assets for growing and setting up an expert business mode. Opportunity from the business is gigantic to grow to take into account huge scope companies. Dangers are from different consultancies offering lower rates and progressively incorporated administrations for the equivalent. Quality of the cheap food truck business is that the greater part of the skill of the business is stretched out by the proprietor cum overseeing executive. The proprietor have utilized own truck to make and convey business technique, shortcoming involves less information with respect to enhanced foods. Be that as it may, there is massive chance to assorted variety into eatery business later on. The administration consultancy will take into account territories in Sydney and urban areas around New South Wales. Target market will include essentially little and medium scale endeavors. Food truck will be situated in key office region in Sydney and can without much of a stretch move. Along these lines, its prime territories will be to take into account office going clients in Sydney. The administration consultancy firm will plan to put its items only for little and medium scale undertakings. The food truck will take into account youthful office goers by giving them savvy items. The executives consultancy will embrace informal publicizing techniques for the most part. It will receive advancements through references. Food truck will have publicizing through customary modes though advancement will be through appropriation of leaflets and flyers in different workplaces. The executives specialist will utilize computerized and web based life type of ICT. While food truck will embrace c onventional methods of ICT. Both the organizations being new businesses will embrace moderate valuing arrangement for the equivalent. The administration consultancy will offer its administrations at cost reasonable rates yet will enter market will skimming valuing systems. The food truck will sell lip smacking nourishments at moderate costs in pack estimating strategies. Promoting for both the organizations should be done broadly, for example, to pull in clients towards the business. The board consultancy will embrace advanced market technique, while food truck will incorporate showcasing through handouts, pamphlets and other customary methods of notice. The administration and consultancy firm should have a fitting authorizing necessity for beginning its business which should be acquired. The food truck business should get exchange permit and sanitation permit before directing its business(Amato, 2016). The executives subtleties for the two associations are not material as exclusively their proprietors are working both at this point. Be that as it may, both the association can grow and will have a reasonable administration structure. At present association structure for both the organizations won't be material at it will be working legitimately under the owners(Chell, 2016). Afterward, the board consultancy will utilize 1 full time staff. Food business will make some full memories staff from the earliest starting point. There will be a legitimate counsel and bookkeeper expert for charge filling and other organization related issues for both the organizations. The executives consultancy proprietor needs to buy an online security for forestalling misfortune or robbery of field-tested strategies created. The food truck business will oblige should have a food tester alongside protection for the truck. The administration consultancy will be working from the home of the proprietor cum overseeing chief. Premises for food truck would incorporate, food truck and home of the proprietor will likewise be required. Gear required to create field-tested strategy will be a PC, switch for interfacing with broadband. There will be requirement for ample utensils for cooking, marinating and serving customers for the food business. Broiler, smokestack and cooler are some other key gear for the business. The board plans will be made and conveyed by the overseeing chief himself. There will be need of a PC and web association for creation of the plan(Audretsch, 2012). The food truck will plan a large portion of the arrangement at home including marinating. In the food truck ,it will simply sear and pack to convey different things. In this manner, creation procedure will be half done at home of the proprietor and half in the food truck itself. The

What Should You Know Before Taking Personal Loan

What Should You Know Before Taking Personal Loan Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!What Should You Know Before Taking Personal LoanUpdated On 20/08/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/30h0hCA CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogA personal loan â€" when do individuals often consider applying? Let me narrow down the question to you as a person â€" when do you consider appropriate to apply for a personal loan? Over time, money lending has become a very attractive business. Do you know the reason behind this trend? The market keeps widening and this makes the venture very profitable. There are various reasons people apply for loans.One of the most outstanding reasons is to finance unexpected costs. It could be a medical emergency or a costly repair. The economic condition is not favorable enough and most consumers have to look for alternative sources of financing their needs. Most of the individuals today live paycheck to payche ck and so without loans, their lives can be rather hard. It is sad to say that many have found themselves in a vicious cycle of debt.What happens when you borrow too much than what you can afford? You begin bothering friends and family members to step in and help keep up with payments. Thought of making payments at certain dates deprives you peace of mind.However, it does have to happen that way for you. In many cases, borrowers find themselves in financial problems because moneylenders take advantage of their ignorance and lack of awareness to profit themselves. In this discussion, we are going to look at the basic things you need to know before taking a personal loan. Let us begin right away.You may have a lot of optionsOne of the major mistakes individuals make when applying for personal loans is restricting their choices to banks. Banks can never be the only choice for you. It is important to keep this in mind if you really want to make wise decisions. In general, credit unions charge lower rates compared to banks when providing the same personal loans to clients. Why? Remember credit unions are non-profit making and their objective is often to better the welfare of members. Also, there are so many other lenders you can borrow from apart from credit unions and banks. Online lenders often approve loan applications within very short periods. Besides, their requirements are not so demanding and so you can easily get approved. While there some challenges associated with borrowing money online, it may be a better choice for you. So do not restrict yourself to banks. Importantly, remember to always compare loans onlinebefore sending applications. Different lenders, including banks, charge different rates for the same personal loan. Your goal should always be getting the most affordable loan.You may pay more interest than expectedLenders are trusting you with their money and its interest rates are just so important to them. But you may have heard of the interest on mortgages advertised to be 4% in media houses or online. Trust me the interest rates on personal loans are often more than that, in most cases more than double that figure. Why? Well, for a simple reason. When signing a mortgage contract, you agree to relinquish the home in case of defaulting and this means you bear a lot of risks. You wouldn’t want to lose your home for whatever reason. The lenders do not bear too many risks as you do and that is why the interest rates are often lower. But things are completely different when you are taking a personal loan. The banks bear a lot of risks and that why they may charge you higher interest, especially for unsecured loans.READThe Best Options When You Lose Your Job During the HolidaysYour credit score is pivotalLenders use a credit score to determine your creditworthiness. Again, the fact that in giving loans involves a lot of risks, lenders want to deal with the most trustworthy lenders out there.in case your credit-worthiness is i n question, you may have problems getting better rates or favorable terms of borrowing. Since there is no collateral for personal loans, a lot of emphasis is put on your credit score. If you have an average score, you may have to pay much higher rates. Your credit score is so important and you really need to work on improving it.Personal loans may not be the best solution for you in the long-termThere is a big contrast between mortgages and personal loans based on the repayment repaid. While the former is repaid over decades, the latter is limited to a maximum of seven years. You do not have to borrow funds for longer than you practical need to, and so this may be a fantastic thing. But what if you intend to finance a major project that requires a lot of funds, such as remodeling your home? The payments can actually be unaffordable or impractical to keep up with if you are taking a personal loan. If this is your reason for borrowing, then consider exploring other alternatives. By do ing so, you will avoid jeopardizing your financial condition.You can consolidate your debtYou can save a lot of money when you consolidate the total debts you owe. In most cases, individuals end up with lower rates compared to what they were having in separate debts. Again, think of the convenience you can have when you opt for debt consolidation. It can be so challenging to deal with different lenders or making many payments each month. With consolidation, you only make one payment.You can benefit a lot when you need urgent cashAs we mentioned at the outset, you may be plagued with an urgent need for cash. Turning to credit cards and payday loans is a very unwise decision because they are often too expensive. And this is one of the reasons why we mentioned at the outset that you may end up suffering. You can get personal loans in less than two weeks of applying.Borrowing money is not bad. Nevertheless, it can turn out to be disastrous if you make poor choices. In this blog, we have discussed some of the basics you need to know before you apply for a personal loan. Take time to think and make the best decision.

ESL Beginner Dialogue - Oregon Weather Forecast

Forecasting the weather means that you are predicting what the weather will be. In English, we generally use the future with will to make a prediction. Practice this weather prediction dialogue and then make your own weather predictions. You can use a weather report on the internet, or make up your weather prediction based on what you know about your city. Teachers can find help on teaching future forms to help students learn the differences between will and going to. The Oregon Weather Forecast Weather Forecaster: Good afternoon and welcome to the weather forecast. Lets take a look at the weather outside now. Whats it like? Well, its currently raining and cloudy in southern Oregon while northern Oregon is cold and clear. The sun is shining, but its rather cold up here in the North! The temperature is currently 45 degrees in the southern Oregon and only 30 degrees in the North. Shall we see what the weather will be like tomorrow? Well, it will be rainy in the morning in southern Oregon and windy in northern Oregon. In the afternoon, The South will see cloudy weather with some rain later in the day. Northern Oregon will also see rain turning to snow and quite windy, with winds coming from the North-East. Thats the weather forecast for this afternoon. Have a good day!

Turning point of the Cold War and JKF Assassination

Turning point of the Cold War and JKF Assassination The assassination of President Kennedy was the turning point in history as many felt he and his family was American royalty, he had the ability to reach Americans through his speeches, as it helped Americans through some stressful times in cold war history, he was a catalyst in allowing Americans to be part of history from the first walk on the moon and the equality of all human rights in the United States. One of his most famous sayings and what rallied so many Americans behind President Kennedy: â€Å"And so my fellow Americans†¦ ask not what your country can do for you†¦ ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world†¦ ask not what America†¦show more content†¦It was only a matter of time before mighty US imperialism was humiliatingly forced to withdraw. The Tet Offensive took Americans by surprise, the major objectives had been to drive a wedge between the Americans and the South Vietnamese. The attack on the US embassy was an attempt to show the vulnerability of the American armed forces. The Vietcong had hoped that the Tet Offensive action and the liberation of towns and cities would lead to an uprising against the US their belief was the South Vietnamese soldiers were tired and weary soldiers, dislocated peasantry, fractious youth and widely discontented layers of South Vietnamese society were ready to join the struggle. But unfortunately this was not the case and the Vietcong had sporadic recruitment from this campaign. The Tet Offensive also aided in changing the view and minds of the American people as this was the same time, live televised coverage of the war was a harsh reality to so many Americans which had changed their views on the Vietnam War. President Johnson became increasingly unpopular to the point he had chosen not to seek re-election during the following Presidential campaign. The Tet Offensive was the true turning point for US involvement in the Vietnam War, it was the catalyst for Nixon’s campaign to bring troops back home and pulling out of the war. Bibliography Forrest, S. (n.d.). Tet offensive: a

Case Study Autism 7th Grade - 1066 Words

Task 2 Case Study The first day of student teaching in the first period I observed a child named ‘Kyle.’ Kyle seemed to get out of his seat even after my mentor teacher asked him to sit in his seat. He was at the front of the class very close to where the teacher taught. After a few times of this he growled at the teacher. I could tell that he was different than the typical student because of his constant interruptions. I found out after the class Kyle was autistic and had behavior problems. I also found out he was operating at an age level of 6 to 7 years old. This behavior happened often so all the 7th grade teachers composed a chart for Kyle to reward him for staying on task but didn’t seem to work. Kyle is interested in science,†¦show more content†¦Once I graded Kyle’s note-taking sheet with map, he had all labels on his map. This also made me believe he liked the visual map and being able to see countries, bodies of water, and cities. I will use a map in the n ext unit as well. Besides his assignments I had a few objectives I wanted Kyle to accomplish but with no punishment if they were not met. After a gladiator video we watched together, Kyle’s objective was to state the main idea of the video with 80% accuracy, and since it was verbal he was able to correctly state the main idea. Another objective he was able to reach was to transition appropriately from tasks and activities and school environments 80% of the time given visual and verbal prompts. This objective was met 6 out of 8 times throughout the unit. Overall, a big objective for Kyle was to follow classroom rules and directives given visual and verbal prompts 90% of the time. He was able to reach slightly under 90% of the time in the class I taught but this was a yearlong objective that all his teachers participated in. Finally, it is so important that Autistic children have structure, routine, and praise. In Kyle’s case he did not like writing which is an important part in history. By reducing his assignments, asking for verbal answers instead of written answers, verbally reminding everyone to stay on task, and providing written and verbal instructions, I was able to meet my objectives through the assessments. I believe I wasShow MoreRelatedPersonal Insight At Diablo Valley College Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesof psychology to social processes, have given me a better understanding of the modern analysis of the social science that is psychology. And my very first psychology course, Introduction to Psychology, had imparted on me insight on the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. These courses are by no means the only courses in which I could enroll in to proceed to higher levels of education. For every semester I have enrolled in at DVC, I would consult Assist.org, an online student-transferRead MoreVaccines For Children Program Programs1522 Words   |  7 Pagespaper will also include how I will adapt this program in my future pediatric practice. 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Major and Minor Effects of Vehicle Accidents and Development of PTSD

Question: Discuss about the Major and Minor Effects of Vehicle Accidents and Development of PTSD. Answer: Introduction The military was the first to recognize and use the term PTSD;it describes a disorder that is psychiatric in nature and has the following characteristics; recurring and extreme flashbacks and memories of the traumatic event, overactive vigilance, and decreased responsiveness. Studies of PTSD have significantly expanded recently to include various populations including Vietnam veterans, sexual assault victims, adult abuse survivors and survivors of disasters. (McHugh and Treisman, 2007). Through research, we see that psychological conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder has a significant impact on recuperation from grave injuries sustained from accidents and significantly influence the long-term quality of life of those surviving such injuries (Liempt,Zuiden,Westenberg, Super Vermetten, 2013). Motor vehicle accidents also have more effects other than causing PTSD. The aim of this report is to examine the consequences of car crashes both major and minor ones. It will also study how an individual can develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Some of these effects include both physical and emotional effects on people affected by the vehicle accident. The first effect is it can lead to one developing PTSD due to the trauma associated with the crash. (Guest, Tran, Gopinath, Cameron Craig, 2016). It can also lead to one developing depression after the collision, that is after being in the accident they feel low and depressed whether due to their injuries or when they do not have the ability to do activities they would do before the accident.(Gabriel E. Ryb, 2009) The individual involved in the accidents may develop anxiety this is because of the accident they become scared of even entering a vehicle because of fear of a recurrence of the crash hence avoid driving and carsaltogeth er(Turkal, n.d.). Another effect of these car accidents is it leads to the development of phobias; one can be irrationally afraid of any form of transportation due to fear of another accident. They can become afraid of driving, and more severely they develop a fear of going outside because they are scared of being in an accident (Blanchard Hickling,2003). In mild cases of emotional stress caused by the crash, one can go through crying, anger, appetite loss, fluctuations in weight, reduced amount of energy, sexual dysfunction or lack of sexual interest and changes of moods(Berg, 2014). It also affects people financially; where one spends money to treat sustained injuries from the accident which can be major and thus it will take a large sum of money to address. It will also cost the individuals involved in the accident money to repair the damage to the vehicles whether primary or minor, but it will make a dent in the persons finances (Smith, 2017).Most of the time the more serious accidents require treatments and medications that are over the insurance coverage hence one has to spend money out their pockets (Kenardy, Heron-Delaney, Bellamy, Sterling, Connelly, 2013). It can cause injury to the people involved in the motor vehicle accident. The injury can be either serious or just minor injury. Some of these injuries include; brain injury, loss of limbs, spinal cord injury, whiplash which is an injury sustained due to trauma in the soft tissue or bones in the neck, paralysis and the other primary injuries due directly to the accident (Lee Li, 2014). These injuries have so many effects on the quality of an accidents life like due to loss of limbs the individual has a disability and one cannot perform tasks that they could do before the crash and can lead to loss of employment due to this (Baldyga, n.d.). Finally, it leads to death. Motor vehicle accidents cause death due to injuries from the accidents. Most studies and research have come to the conclusion that the percentage of deaths due to car crashes and is rising as more accidents occur. PTSD develops in victims of motor vehicle accidentsbecause of some influences. They are preexisting conditions like depression, the nature of the accident whether or not it was a major accident can lead to one developing acute or mild PTSD or at times, not at all, the reaction of a person during the accidents and experiences afterward(Blanchard, 2003). One can be predisposed to suffer from PTSD if they have ever been involved in a traumatic event before the crash and also if they have a history of psychiatric disorders. Motor vehicle crashes are the single leading cause of PTSD in people. Reports show that the occurrence of PTSD in individuals involved in motor vehicle crashes ranges from 8% to 46%(Buckley, 2016). In conclusion,car accidents have a lot of effects on the people whether directly or indirectly. A significant percentage of the victims of these accidents will suffer from PTSD which is a psychological condition which can be managed over time but will always affect the victim. It is of my opinion that more should be done to prevent motor vehicle accidents since people should not have to suffer from these effects whether they are major or minor effects. References Baldyga, D. Minor Impacts, and Major Injuries. Expertpages.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://expertpages.com/news/auto_impacts.htm Berg, D. (2014). Mental and Emotional Injuries After a Car Accident | by Nolo. All-About-Car-Accidents.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.all-about-car-accidents.com/resources/auto-accident/car-accident-injuries/mental-emotional-injuries-from-car-wreck Blanchard, E. (2003).Theprimary cause of PTSD id Motor Vehicle Crashes.Apa.org. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2003/12/accidents-ptsd.aspx Blanchard, E.B., Hickling, E.J. (2003). After the Crash: Psychological Assessment and Treatment of Survivors of Motor Vehicle Accidents (2nd ed) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Buckley, T. (2016). Traumatic Stress and Motor Vehicle Accidents - PTSD: National Center for PTSD.Ptsd.va.gov. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/trauma/other/traumatic-stress-vehicle-accidents.asp Gabriel E. Ryb, J. (2009). PTSD After Severe Vehicular Crashes. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256803/ Guest, R., Tran, Y., Gopinath, B., Cameron, I. D., Craig, A. (2016). Prevention of the development of psychological distress following a motor vehicle crash: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 317. Kenardy, J., Heron-Delaney, M., Bellamy, N., Sterling, M., Connelly, L. (2013). The study by University of Queensland onthe physical and psychological outcomes for individuals with claims with minimaland moderate injuries following a road traffic crash (UQ SuPPORT): design and methods. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009486/ Lee, C., Li, X. (2014). Analysis of injury severity of drivers involved in single-and two-vehicle crashes on highways in Ontario. Accident Analysis Prevention, 71, 286-295. McHugh PR, Treisman G.(2007).PTSD: A problematic diagnostic category. J Anxiety Disorders; 21(2):211222. Smith, A. (2017). Perceptions of risk factors for road traffic accidents. Advances In Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.41.2616 Turkal, D. Post-traumatic Stress Reactions Following Motor Vehicle Accidents - American Family Physician. Aafp.org. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0801/p524.html Van Liempt, S., van Zuiden, M., Westenberg, H., Super, A., Vermetten, E. (2013). Impact of impaired sleep on the development of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Depression and anxiety, 30(5), 469-474.

Social Cognitive Theory free essay sample

Baptist, A. P. , Ross, J. A. , Yang, U. , Song, P. X. , Clark, N. M. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a self-regulation intervention for older adults with asthma. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(5), 747-753. Doi:10. 1111/jgs. 12218 To evaluate an asthma self-regulation intervention for older adults, specifically observing the effects on asthma quality of life and asthma control. Participants were outpatients aged 65 and older with asthma who were currently taking daily medications to control their asthma. There were 70 patients enrolled. The average age was 73. 3 years old. Women made up 27% of the enrolled population. The mean number of years diagnoses with asthma was 27. 3 years. Caucasians made up 28% of the enrolled population. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Patients assigned randomly to control or intervention group. Control group (n=35) participants received standard asthma education administered by a health educator. Topics included proper inhaler technique, asthma triggers, asthma control, and signs of exacerbation. Intervention group (n=35) participants received standard care and participated in a six-session program conducted over the telephone and group sessions. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Cognitive Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Participants selected an asthma-specific goal, identified problems, and addressed potential barriers. Outcomes were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months and included the mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mAQLQ), Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), healthcare utilization, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide level (FENO), and percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%). The mean mAQLQ score was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group at 1, 6, and 12 months. Higher scores indicated greater quality of life. Mean ACQ score was significantly lower at 1 month for the intervention group than the control group and was lower at the 6 and 12-month time points as well. Lower scores indicated greater asthma control. Lung function was evaluated at 6 and 12 months. No difference was seen in FENO, but predicted FEV1% favored the intervention group. There was no significant difference found for hospitalizations or ED visits between the intervention and control groups, although both favored the intervention group. For a composite healthcare utilization index (hospitalization, ED, or unscheduled visit) the intervention group had significantly fewer visits than the control. A self-regulation intervention is effective for improving asthma quality of life, asthma control, and healthcare utilization in older adults. Byrne, J. , Khunti, K. , Stone, M. , Farooqi, A. , Carr, S. (2011). Feasibility of a structured group education session to improve self-management of blood pressure in people with chronic kidney disease: An open randomized pilot trial. BMJ Open, doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2011-000381 To test a group educational intervention called Controlling Hypertension (HTN): Education and Empowerment Renal Study (CHEERS) to improve self-management of blood pressure in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exploring the acceptability of the intervention. Patients with early CKD and HTN. There were 81 people enrolled in the study 30% of the 267 patients approached. Random controlled trial. Patients recruited from nephrology outpatient clinic. Control group received standard clinical management of HTN. Intervention group received routine standard care plus structured CHEERS patient education intervention. Measured: recruitment, retention, patient demographics, self-efficacy, and patient satisfaction. Lack of time 48% and lack of interest 44% were the main reasons for non-participation. 37. 5% of the intervention group failed to attend. These patients were older and had lower self-efficacy. The intervention was rated enjoyable and useful by 100% of participants. None of those who attended the education sessions accessed the additional support offered. Carr, L. J. , Dunsiger, S. I. , Lewis, B. , Ciccolo, J. T. , Hartman, S. , Bock, B. , Marcus, B. H. (2013). Randomized controlled trial testing an internet physical activity intervention for sedentary adults. Health Psychology, 32(3), 328-336. doi:10. 1037/a0028962 To test the efficacy of a newly enhanced internet (EI) intervention in relation to six standard internet (SI) intervention websites that are publicly available to promote physical activity (PA), for improving PA behavior in previously sedentary adults. Healthy sedentary (achieving less than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week) men and women between ages 18 and 65 years of age. 66 participants were enrolled. 25 were randomly assigned to the EI group. 28 were randomly assigned to the SI group. More than half were college educated. More than 80% reported being non-Hispanic white. Both groups used an internet website to monitor and improve physical activity. Website use, physical activity, and patient satisfaction were measured. The EI included five SCT-influenced internet features including, physical activity tracking goal-setting calendar, regular peer activity updates, ask the expert QA forum, exercise videos, and geographic mapping function. At 3 months EI participants averaged 180. 4 weekly minutes of PA compared to 46. 3 minutes by SI participants. At 6 months EI participants averaged 171. 4 weekly minutes of PA compared to 121. 8 minutes by SI participants. The EI intervention facilitated quicker increases in PA behavior than the SI comparison group. An improvement in PA behavior was associated with improvements in various SCT constructs including social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation. Dorough, A. E. , Winett, R. A. , Anderson, E. S. , Davy, B. M. , Martin, E. C. , Hedrick, V. (2012). DASH to Wellness: Emphasizing Self-Regulation Through E-Health in Adults With Prehypertension. Health Psychology, doi: 10. 1037/a0030483 To assess the initial efficacy of an electronically delivered, lifestyle intervention for treating prehypertension (PHT) by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, reducing dietary sodium through the adaption of the DASH eating plan, increasing physical activity, promoting use of home blood pressure monitoring, reducing weight, and decreasing BP thereby reducing risk of movement to stage I hypertension in middle-aged adults with PHT. 27 participants with a mean age of 54. 3, mean weight of 87. 8 kg, mean BMI of 31. 5, were 69. 5% female, 95% Caucasian, 5% Mexican American, were well educated with 52% reporting 4-year or postgraduate degrees, and 60. 8% reported a household annual income above $60,000. Participants were randomly assigned a group. The standard-of-care condition, DASH 2 wellness (D2W) only, or the intervention-treatment group, DASH 2 wellness plus (D2WP). At baseline both groups completed a 4-day food intake record and a 7-day step log. Baseline height, weight, and BMI were also recorded. This data was gathered again after the 10-week intervention. D2W group was provided the DASH eating plan guide, walking and weight program, a scale, and a pedometer. D2WP group was provided everything listed above along with an automatic blood pressure monitor, weekly electronic feedback in planning, goal setting, and tracking of intake, weight, exercise, and self-monitored blood pressure readings. D2WP had a large increase in average daily steps 2,900 vs. 636. D2WP had a larger decrease in systolic BP 15. 14 mmHg vs. 4. 61 mmHg. D2WP had a larger decrease in weight 10. 54 lbs. vs. 3. 23 lbs. Outcomes suggest the primarily electronically delivered approach was more effective than the standard of care in changing some health behaviors related to nutrition and physical activity, reducing body weight, and systolic blood pressure. All D2WP participants moved from the PHT category to a normal, even optimal BP except for one. Fjeldsoe, B. S. , Miller, Y. D. , Marshall, A. L. (2013). Social cognitive mediators of the effect of the MobileMums intervention on physical activity. Health Psychology, 32(7), 729-738. Doi: 10. 1037/a0027548 To explore whether improvements in physical activity (PA) following the MobileMums intervention were facilitated by changes in Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) constructs targeted in the intervention. Women less than 12-months postpartum were recruited from a database of women that agreed to be contacted for health-related research projects. Eligibility criteria included English comprehension, ownership of a mobile phone, engaged in less than five days per week of 30-minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and intention to increase PA. 88 participants completed the baseline assessment and were randomized to either the intervention group, n=45, or control group, n=43. Seventy-seven percent of participants were reassessed at 6-weeks and 69% at 13-weeks. There were no meaningful or statistically significant differences between group demographic characteristics. Participants were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. Control group participants received one face-to-face consultation with a behavioral counselor and given a PA information pack. MobileMum intervention group participants had two PA consultations with a behavioral counselor and one telephone consultation at 6-weeks. Counselor helped to set goals and plan exercise activities. Participants were also given weekly activity planning magnets to help self-monitor. Participants nominated a social support person. They also received 42 individualized phone messages providing strategies for behavior change and 11 goal check messages. Support person also received messages. Frequency of walking for exercise and the amount of moderate-to-vigorous PA was measured. Barrier self-efficacy, goal setting skills, outcome expectancy, social support, and perceived environmental opportunity were also measured. The MobileMum program increased the amount of walking for exercise and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among postnatal women. An increase in physical activity was mediated in the short-term (6-weeks), by improvements in barrier self-efficacy and goal setting skills. Social support did not significantly mediate the intervention effects on physical activity. The intervention did not have a significant impact on outcome expectancy or perceived environmental opportunities for PA. Pilutti, L. , Dlugonski, D. , Sandroff, B. , Klaren, R. , Motl, R. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention targeting symptoms and physical activity in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, doi: 10. 1177/1352458513503391 To examine the efficacy of an internet delivered behavioral intervention for improving outcomes of fatigue, depression, anxiety, pain, sleep quality, and health related quality of life (HRQOL) in ambulatory persons with MS. This intervention has previously been tested to increase lifestyle physical activity among persons with MS. The second aim of this study is to replicate those results regarding change in physical activity. Sample consisted of 82 participants who were randomized into a control group, n=41, and an intervention group, n=41. Participant inclusion criteria: 18-64 years, diagnosis of MS, relapse-free for the past 30-days, internet access, ability to walk with or without an assistive device, physician approval, not maintaining 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity a day for more than 2 days. Sample was primarily female (76%). The level of disability of the sample was moderate and most participants (74%) did not use an assistive device. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in demographic or clinical characteristics, physical activity, or symptomatic and HRQOL outcomes pre-trial. Random controlled trial. The intervention group was provided a study website with information about becoming more physically active based on principles of SCT, self-monitoring, and goal-setting using a pedometer and activity logs, and one-on-one video coaching sessions for 6 months. Data measures included physical activity, fatigue, depression, anxiety, pain, quality of sleep, HRQOL, and disability. These measures were recorded at baseline and 6 months post intervention. Participants in the intervention group participated in significantly more self-reported physical activity compared to control group. They also spent more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to the control group although not a significant difference. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were significantly lower in the intervention group. There was a favorable effects of the intervention on symptoms of pain and sleep quality post-intervention. Participants in the intervention group reported greater quality of life compared to control participants, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Overall, it can be confirmed that a lifestyle intervention delivered through the internet can be effective for increasing everyday physical activity in persons with MS, and this had a positive effect on symptomatic outcomes. Amaya, M. , Petosa, R. (2012). An evaluation of a worksite exercise intervention using the social cognitive theory: A pilot study. Health Education Journal, 71(2), 133-143. Doi: 10. 1177/0017896911409731 To increase exercise adherence among insufficiently active adult employees. Employees (n=127) who did not meet current American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for exercise. Majority of subjects were female (83%). A majority of subjects had obtained a bachelor’s or post bachelor’s degree (61%). Nearly all subjects were married (77%). A majority of the study sample was Caucasian (84%). A quasi-experimental separate samples pre-test-post-test group design was used to compare treatment and comparison group. Intervention: An eight-week educational program targeting the social cognitive theory constructs. There were 6 one-hour classroom-based sessions and multiple meetings with a trainer. The intervention taught subjects self-regulation skills, including focusing on self-monitoring, goal setting, and time management. Taught self-efficacy skills, overcoming barriers and exercise preferences. Taught social support for exercise, outcome expectations and expectancies, reasons to exercise and its value. Measures: free-living exercise, self-regulation, self-efficacy, social support, and outcome expectations and expectancies. Measurements were taken at pre-test, post-test, one month and three months post-intervention. There was a significant difference between groups for moderate intensity exercise and vigorous intensity exercise at post-test and follow-up. There was a significant difference between groups for self-regulation at post-test and follow-up. There was not a significant difference between groups for self-efficacy or outcome expectancies. Family and friend social support group differences were non-significant at post-test and at one-month follow-up, but were significant at three-month follow-up. The educational intervention was effective in increasing the exercise rates of employees at the worksite. Social Cognitive Theory Framework Paper Framework Description, Components, and Synthesis Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) emerged primarily from the work of Albert Bandura. Social cognitive theory is a learning theory based on the idea that people learn by observing others. The theory is an expansion of the Social Learning Theory (SLT) originally proposed by Neal Miller and John Dollard and later expanded by Bandura himself. Social Learning Theory theorizes that people learn new behaviors by observing others, imitating their behavior, and then being reinforced by the observed outcomes. Bandura’s SCT differs from SLT by its emphasis on the role of self-efficacy and the concept of reciprocal triadic causation. Self-efficacy is a person’s confidence and desire to perform a behavior. It reflects not only a person’s actual know-how to perform a behavior, but also their skepticism or willingness in performing the behavior. Behavior is theorized in SCT to occur in a social context and influenced by the active shared interaction between the person, environment, and behavior, the reciprocal triadic causation. Never is a behavior not influence by all three. There are five key concepts that make up the Social Cognitive Theory, those concepts are knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectation, goal formation, and sociostructural factors. Knowledge is often the starting point for most health promotion programs. Many people will obtain knowledge through observation, verbal or written description, video or audio recordings, and other forms of knowledge delivery (DiClemente, 2013). The DARE program is a good example of a program that delivers knowledge to kids about the risks of alcohol and drugs to hopefully prevent their use and abuse. However, behavior change after obtaining knowledge is often dependent on four inner-related processes involving attention, retention, production, and motivation. Regardless of having the knowledge there must be underlining drives to commit to a behavior change. Building off the last example if a kid were to be a valued member of a sports team they may be move motivated to abstain from alcohol and drugs to avoid a decline in performance. Since knowledge alone may not initiate a behavior change all of the study articles listed above provided education for all participants at baseline. The Baptist study provided asthma education on how to administer medication, asthma triggers, control, and signs of exacerbation. The Pilutti study provided online material on becoming more physically active and healthy. Perceived self-efficacy can be explained as a person’s inner confidence in performing a task. This inner confidence has been influenced by past performances, the observation and verbal persuasion of others, and their physiological state (Bandura, 2004). Low self-efficacy can be caused by fear and can defeat any effort to perform a given task. Having a high level of self-efficacy will increase a person’s initiation and drive for a particular task. There are four methods to improve self-efficacy; learn to reduce the fear and other negative emotions that may be associated with the task, verbal persuasion, watch others perform the task successfully, and be physically guided or coached through the task (DiClemente, 2013). Many of these methods were used in the study articles listed above. By providing education, participant knowledge is increased, which helps to improve self-efficacy. The Carr study provided online exercise videos. In the Fjeldsoe study participants were assigned a counselor and a support person to provide encouragement. Participants in the Amaya study met for one-hour classroom sessions and had group discussions discussing fears, barriers, and exercise technique. Outcome expectations are individual beliefs about what consequences are most likely to occur if a particular behavior is performed. People anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in a behavior, and these anticipated consequences could influence the successful completion of the behavior (Bandura, 2004). The benefit of the behavior is the driving force for action. Educators, trainers, and counselors work well to help people recognize the possible positive outcomes. The Baptist, Amaya, and Fjeldsoe studies all used a person as part of their intervention to help participants visualize the possible outcomes of their efforts. Outcome expectations can also include negative perceptions or costs. For example a person thinking about going back to school may see the benefit in an advanced degree and pay raise or the negative outcome of tuition costs and time spent. Goal setting is an important aspect of SCT. Setting small achievable goals that progress to the final goal is an effective way to keep focused and maintain spirit throughout the process. With the attainment of small sub goals self-efficacy perceptions are likely to increase and the experience of positive outcomes will increase and improve change efforts (DiClemente, 2013). Further, goals are an important prerequisite for self-regulation because they provide objectives to strive towards and are levels against which to judge progress (Bandura, 2004). Participants of the Fjeldsoe study carried mobile devices that monitored progress and sent individualized messages with strategies to meet goals. Those participants also receive goal check messages and depending on participant responses they either received more advice or applause and encouragement to keep up the good work. Lastly, sociostructural factors are important as they can strongly impact self-efficacy and consequently behavior. Sociostructural factors are any actual or perceived external factor that influences for better or for worse the likelihood of a behavior (DiClemente, 2013). For example, a positive sociostructural factor for an individual trying to loose weight and eat healthy would be a number of local gym options. A negative factor may be the lack of grocery stores that offer organic food options. The Carr study, which investigated the effectiveness of an Internet site to improve physical activity, had a geographic mapping function to help participants locate resources and plan outdoor activity. Major Research and Practice Areas Based on the journal articles above much of the research is on the effectiveness of interventions that target the patient SCT constructs to improve illness management and physical activity. These interventions mostly focus on all five of the SCT concepts. The programs typically provided education, group, online, technical, and personal support, help with goal formation and strategic planning, and also coaching and counseling. The research is looking for interventions to improve self-management, quality of life, and the increase of health promoting behaviors such as blood pressure monitoring, eating healthy, and being physical activity. Social Cognitive Theory interventions can be used in practice to improve the management of chronic illnesses such as asthma, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. It can be used to improve health-promoting behaviors such as increasing exercise, dieting and weight loss, and monitoring blood pressure or blood sugars. Framework Population The populations of the studies found above using SCT involved older adults over the age of 65, patients with multiple diagnoses, adults with borderline diagnoses, sedentary adults, postpartum women, and adults managing disability related to an illness. All of the listed populations are at risk for low levels of self-efficacy, which can inhibit change. Therefore, these populations may require extra support and motivation, which can be provided by interventions using SCT to support change. Framework and Risk Factor In the Dorough study the population of focus was adults with prehypertension and their risk factor was physical inactivity and poor diet and nutrition. The study aimed to use an intervention influenced by SCT to promote physical activity and reduce hypertension. Features of the intervention that were SCT based were the nutrition and exercise education, the nutrition guide an outlined exercise program, and lastly the electronic resource provided for logging progress, goal setting, and goal attainment advice. The results of the intervention included a significant increase in daily steps, decrease in blood pressure, and weight loss. All but one participant moved from prehypertension to normal even optimal blood pressure. Application of Framework Stroke survivors can have a low perceived level of self-efficacy and this puts them at an increased risk for not meeting their rehabilitation goals for recovery. Stroke survivors want to return to the varied roles they had before their stroke. However, commonly these survivors become victim to themselves as they begin to lose interest, become unmotivated, and become difficult to get going. Depression and apathy are common consequences of stroke with the sudden loss of independence and self-reliance. An intervention that aims to change patient SCT constructs to improve physical activity in rehab may work to improve the patient’s self-efficacy and their progression in rehabilitation. The desired outcome is increased participation in physical rehabilitation. The factor that is limiting that outcome is the patient’s low level of perceived self-efficacy. One study revealed that the functional level at 6 months post stroke could predict long-term survival and disability (Jones, 2010). Therefore, an intervention that promotes a positive spirit, provides support, and creates an environment that facilitates goal attainment is absolutely necessary for these patients to increase their functional ability and decrease their level of dependency, which is of utmost importance. An ideal SCT intervention for this population would begin with an educational session on stroke covering topics such as common side effects, medications, needs and goals of rehabilitation. The recovery process is long and therefore multiple small goals should be set weekly to help maintain motivation and recognize progression however small. Therapy should be conducted in groups to allow patients to motivate each other, witness each other’s progression, and support one another through the recovery process. Nurses, and physical, speech, and occupational therapist should help the patients monitor and log their progress, coach exercises, and motivate. To measure the effectiveness of the program therapy participations may be measure based on time, patient exertion and attitude. The level of self-efficacy before and after would be a good measure along with patient’s outlook on current progression and further progress.